Fig. 5

Autophagy induction in BVDV-infected MDBK cells. A, Autophagic response in MDBK cells at 48Â h post infection with BVDV at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1, as visualized via transmission electron microscopy. Autophagic lysosomes (indicated by blue arrows) and autophagosomes (red arrows) were markedly more prevalent in the BVDV-infected (experimental) group than in the MOCK (control) group. B, Temporal analysis of ATG7 mRNA expression levels following BVDV infection, as quantified via qPCR. C and D, Details of the protein expression dynamics of p62, ATG7, and LC3 during the course of BVDV infection, as determined by Western blotting