Fig. 1

Journey layout for short- (IRE & NLD) and long-distance transport (INT) calves, including the location of origin (ORG), assembly centre (AC), lairage, destination farm or veal farm, and approximate transport durations between locations and approximate total journey times per group. Transport of NLD calves is shown, but calves were first sampled on arrival at the destination farm and not prior to this point. Locations shown are in Ireland (IRE), France (FR), or The Netherlands (NL)